Toxins in Marine Animals.

Carotenoids in Marine Animals

Marine animals contain various carotenoids that show structural diversity. These marine animals accumulate carotenoids from foods such as algae and other animals and modify them through metabolic reactions. Many of the carotenoids present in marine animals are metabolites of β-carotene, fucoxanthin, peridinin, diatoxanthin, alloxanthin, and astaxanthin, etc. Carotenoids found in these animals p...

Channelopathy and Essential Needs to Search in Venomous Animals for Toxins

Channelopathy and Essential Needs to Search in Venomous Animals for Toxins

Marine Toxins Targeting Ion Channels

This introductory minireview points out the importance of ion channels for cell communication. The basic concepts on the structure and function of ion channels triggered by membrane voltage changes, the so-called voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs), as well as those activated by neurotransmitters, the so-called ligand-gated ion channel (LGICs), are introduced. Among the most important VGIC super...

Special Issue on Marine Toxins

The special issue on Marine Toxins of the Open Access journal Marine Drugs (ISSN 1660-3397, http://www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs/) presents twenty four contributions which were received from distinguished investigators currently working in Canada, China, France, Germany, Iran, Italy, Japan, Portugal, Russian Federation, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, and the United States. The reviews and re...